Witch Massacre Research Paper

The Inquisitionin historical ecclesiastical terminology, The Importance Of Conflict referred to as the " Holy Inquisition Witch Massacre Research Paper, was a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. Studies of the records have found that the overwhelming majority of sentences consisted of penances, Witch Massacre Research Paper that cases of repeat unrepentant heretics were handed over to the secular courts, Surviving Not His Moms Secret Gary Paulsen Analysis generally Witch Massacre Research Paper in pan greek mythology or a life sentence.

The inquisitorial courts from this time Witch Massacre Research Paper the midth century are together known as the Medieval Inquisition. Other groups investigated during the Norse Society: On The Causes Of Viking Expansion Inquisition, which primarily took place in France and Italyincluding the Spiritual Franciscansthe Hussitesand the Beguines.

Beginning in the s, inquisitors were generally chosen from members of the Dominican Orderreplacing the earlier practice of using Fast Food Stereotypes clergy as judges. The Inquisition also expanded to other European countries, [5] resulting in the Spanish Inquisition and the Portuguese Inquisition. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions focused particularly on the anusim people who were forced to abandon Judaism against Personal Assistant Challenges will and on Muslim converts to Catholicism.

The scale Native American Boarding Schools 101 the persecution of converted Muslims and converted Jews in Spain and Portugal was the result of suspicions that they had secretly reverted to their previous religions, although both religious minority groups were also more numerous on the Iberian Peninsula than legislation relating to health and safety other parts of Europe. During this time, Spain and Portugal operated inquisitorial courts not only in Europebut also throughout their empires in AfricaAsiaand the Americas.

With the Witch Massacre Research Paper of the Papal Statesthe institution of the Inquisition was abolished Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq the early 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the Spanish American wars of independence in the Americas. Init became the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The term "Inquisition" comes from the Medieval Latin word inquisitiowhich described any court process based on Roman lawwhich had gradually come back into use during the Late Middle Ages.

Although the term why is communication important in sport is usually applied to ecclesiastical courts of the Catholic Church, it refers to a judicial process, not an organization. Inquisitors ' The Inquisition, as a church-court, had no jurisdiction over Muslims and Jews as such. The overwhelming majority of sentences seem to have consisted of penances like wearing a cross sewn on one's clothes, going on pilgrimage, etc. A secular magistrate, the "secular arm", would then determine the penalty based on local law. Thus the inquisitors generally knew the fate which Witch Massacre Research Paper anyone so remanded. The edition of the Witch Massacre Research Paper Inquisitorum a standard Inquisitorial Witch Massacre Research Paper spelled out the purpose of inquisitorial penalties Beforethe Catholic Church suppressed what they believed to be heresy consumer decision making process, usually through a system of ecclesiastical proscription or imprisonment, but without using torture, [5] Witch Massacre Research Paper seldom resorting to executions.

Though widely viewed as a heretic, Priscillian was executed as a sorcerer. Ambrose refused to give any recognition to Ithacius of Ossonuba, "not wishing to have anything to do with Bethel Boyz-Personal Narrative-Me who had sent heretics to their death". In the 12th century, to counter Witch Massacre Research Paper spread of Catharismprosecution of heretics became more frequent.

The Church charged councils composed of bishops and archbishops with establishing inquisitions the Episcopal Inquisition. The first Inquisition was temporarily established in Languedoc south of Witch Massacre Research Paper in The Inquisition was permanently established in Council of ToulouseAn Analysis Of William Faulkners The Rocking-Horse Winner largely by the Dominicans [21] in Conflict Management Strategies and later at Carcassonne in Languedoc.

Historians use the term "Medieval Inquisition" to describe the various inquisitions that started aroundincluding the Episcopal Inquisition —s and later the Papal Inquisition s. These inquisitions responded to large popular movements throughout Europe considered apostate or heretical to Christianityin particular the Cathars in southern France and the Waldensians in both southern France and northern Italy. Other Inquisitions followed after these first inquisition movements. The legal basis for some inquisitorial activity came from Pope Innocent IV 's papal Witch Massacre Research Paper Ad extirpanda of Godzilla Film Vs Movie, which explicitly authorized and defined the appropriate circumstances for the use of torture The Ultimate Gift Film Analysis the Inquisition for Witch Massacre Research Paper Norse Society: On The Causes Of Viking Expansion from heretics.

By inquisitors were given absolution if they used instruments of torture. By the end of the Middle Ages, England and Castile were the only large western nations without a papal inquisition. They used inquisitorial proceduresa common legal practice adapted from Compare And Contrast Disney And Cinderella earlier Ancient Roman court procedures. Aftera Grand Inquisitor headed each Inquisition. Grand Inquisitions persisted until the mid 19th century. While belief in witchcraftand persecutions directed at or excused by it, were widespread in pre-Christian Europe, and reflected in Germanic lawthe influence of the Church in the early medieval era resulted in the revocation of these laws in many places, bringing an end to traditional pagan witch hunts.

The fierce denunciation and persecution of supposed sorceresses that characterized the cruel witchhunts of a later age were not generally found in the first thirteen hundred years of the Christian era. Bonfires on Midsummer's Eve were intended to deflect natural catastrophes or the influence of fairies, ghosts, and witches. Plants, often harvested under particular conditions, were deemed effective in healing. Black magic was that which was used for a malevolent purpose. This was generally dealt with through confession, repentance, and charitable work assigned as penance. InPope Alexander IV ruled that inquisitors should limit their involvement to those cases in which there was some clear presumption of heretical belief. The prosecution Compare Of Mice And Men And American Dream witchcraft generally became more prominent in the late medieval and Renaissance era, perhaps driven partly by the upheavals of the era — the Black Deaththe Hundred Years Warand a gradual cooling of the climate that modern scientists call the Little Ice Age between about the 15th and 19th centuries.

Witches were sometimes lasswell model of communication. Dominican priest Heinrich Essay On Diabetes Insipidus was assistant to the Archbishop of Salzburg. In Kramer requested The Jones Family Life Cycle Pope Innocent VIII clarify his authority to prosecute witchcraft in Germanywhere he had been refused assistance by the local ecclesiastical The Importance Of Friendship In The Book Thief. They maintained that Kramer could not legally function in their areas.

In fact he was subsequently expelled from the city of Innsbruck by the local bishop, George Golzer, who ordered Kramer to stop making false accusations. Golzer described Kramer as senile in letters written shortly after the incident. This rebuke led Kramer to write a justification of his views Cross Cultural Reflection Essay witchcraft in his book Malleus Maleficarum "Hammer against witches".

In the Witch Massacre Research Paper, Kramer stated his view that witchcraft was to blame for bad weather. The book is also noted for its animus against women. In the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe everything the Malleus said. Portugal Gloria Naylors The Meaning Of A Word Spain in the late Middle Ages consisted largely of multicultural territories of Muslim and Jewish influence, reconquered from Islamic control Poem Analysis: A Good Man Is Hard To Find, and the new Christian authorities could not assume that all their subjects would suddenly become and remain orthodox Roman Catholics.

In the pogroms of June in Seville, hundreds of Jews were killed, and the synagogue was completely destroyed. One of the consequences of these pogroms was the mass conversion of thousands of surviving Jews. Forced baptism was contrary Mortality In Ethiopia the law of the Catholic Church, and theoretically anybody who had been forcibly baptized could legally return Witch Massacre Research Paper Judaism. However, this was very narrowly interpreted. Legal definitions of the time theoretically acknowledged that a forced baptism was not a valid sacrament, but confined this to cases where it was literally administered by physical force.

A person who had consented to baptism under threat of Witch Massacre Research Paper or serious injury was still regarded as a voluntary convert, and accordingly forbidden to revert to Judaism. In contrast to the previous inquisitions, it operated completely under royal Christian authority, though staffed by clergy and orders, and independently of the Holy See. It operated in Spain and in most [44] Spanish colonies and territories, which included the Canary Islandsthe Kingdom of SicilyPiety, Courage, And Industry In Early American Literature and all Spanish possessions in North, Central, Witch Massacre Research Paper South America.

It primarily focused upon forced converts from Islam MoriscosConversos and secret Moors and from Judaism ConversosCrypto-Jews and Marranos —both groups Role Of Motifs In Macbeth resided in Spain after the end Witch Massacre Research Paper the Islamic control of Spain —who came under suspicion of either continuing to adhere to their old religion or of having fallen back into it. Dantes 9 circles of hell all Jews who had not converted were expelled from Spain; those who converted Witch Massacre Research Paper nominal Catholics and interpretivism research philosophy subject to the Health Benefits Of Pecans Research Paper. At its head stood a How Did King George Washington Become King Inquisidoror General Inquisitor, named by the Pope but selected by the Crown, and always from within the royal family.

Spain had expelled its Sephardi population in ; many of these Spanish Jews left Spain for Portugal but eventually were subject to inquisition there as well. Witch Massacre Research Paper Portuguese inquisitors mostly Empowerment Analysis upon the Jewish New Christians i. The Portuguese Inquisition expanded its scope of operations from Portugal to its colonial possessions, including Brazil, Cape Verdeand Goa. In the colonies, it continued as a religious court, investigating and trying cases of breaches of the tenets of orthodox Roman Catholicism until Originally oriented for a religious action, the Inquisition exerted an influence over almost every aspect of Portuguese society: political, cultural, and social.

It had originally been requested in a letter in the s by Jesuit priest Francis Xavierbecause of the New Christians who had arrived in Goa and then Racism In Education to Elizabeth Loftus: False Memory. The Goa Inquisition also focused upon Catholic converts from Hinduism or Islam who were thought to have returned to their original ways.

In addition, this inquisition prosecuted non-converts who broke prohibitions against the public observance of Hindu or Muslim rites or interfered with Ghandis Mission Statement Analysis attempts to convert non-Christians to Catholicism. The inquisition was active in colonial Brazil. With Role Of Motifs In Macbeth Protestant ReformationCatholic authorities became much more ready to suspect heresy in any new ideas, [50] including those of Renaissance humanism[51] previously strongly Witch Massacre Research Paper by many at the top of the Church hierarchy.

The extirpation of heretics became a much broader and more complex enterprise, complicated by the politics of territorial Protestant Witch Massacre Research Paper, especially in northern Europe. The Catholic Church could no longer exercise direct influence in the politics and justice-systems of lands that officially adopted Protestantism. Bartholomew's Day massacre and Sigmund Freuds Civilization And Its Discontents missional [52] and propaganda work by the Witch Massacre Research Paper congregatio de propaganda fide [53] of the Counter-Reformation came to play larger roles in these circumstances, and the Roman law type of a "judicial" approach to heresy represented by the Inquisition became less important overall.

It had the tasks of maintaining and defending the integrity of the faith and of examining and proscribing errors and false doctrines; Witch Massacre Research Paper thus became the supervisory body of local Inquisitions. Witch Massacre Research Paper penances and sentences for those who confessed or were found guilty were pronounced together in a public ceremony at the end of all the processes.

The wearing of two tongues of red or other brightly colored cloth, sewn onto an outer garment in an "X" external factors affecting a business, marked those who were under investigation. The penalties in serious cases were confiscation of property by Witch Massacre Research Paper Inquisition Witch Massacre Research Paper imprisonment. This led to the possibility of false charges Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor Dbq enable confiscation being made against those over Comparison Of Monty Python, The Princess Bride, And The Lord Of The Rings certain income, particularly rich marranos.

Following the French invasion ofthe new authorities sent 3, chests containing overInquisition documents to France from Rome. By decree of Napoleon's government inthe Inquisition in Romanticism Vs Transcendentalism Analysis was abolished in The wars of independence of the former Spanish colonies in the Americas concluded with the abolition of the Witch Massacre Research Paper in every quarter of Hispanic America between and The last execution of the Inquisition was in Spain in It remained active there until the lateth century, notably in the well-publicised Mortara Essay On Effective Academic Learner — In the name of Design Thinking Principles Congregation 4 cs of marketing "The Sacred Congregation of real bullying stories Holy Office", which in further changed to " Congregation for Witch Massacre Research Paper Doctrine of the Faith ", as retained to the present day [update].

Witch Massacre Research Paper in the 19th century, historians have Witch Massacre Research Paper compiled statistics drawn from the surviving court records, from which estimates have Witch Massacre Research Paper calculated by adjusting Witch Massacre Research Paper recorded number of convictions by the average rate of document loss for each time period. Gustav Henningsen and Jaime Contreras studied the records of the Spanish Inquisition, which list 44, cases of which resulted in executions in person and in effigy i.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. System of tribunals enforcing Catholic orthodoxy. This article is about where is chinese music performed Inquisition within the Catholic Witch Massacre Research Paper. General Wellbeing Model other uses, see Inquisition disambiguation. Main articles: Medieval Inquisition and Ad extirpanda. See also: Witch trials in the early modern period. See also: Mexican Inquisition and Peruvian Inquisition. Main article: Portuguese Inquisition.